An Anglican Catechism (Expanded Version)

Question 121: What is a sacrament?

Question 121: What is a sacrament?

A sacrament is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, instituted by Christ Himself, in which God works through physical elements to convey His promises to His people. In the sacrament, God confirms His covenant, strengthens our faith, and unites us more fully to Christ and His Body, the Church. (Matthew 28:19, Luke 22:19–20, Romans 6:3–4, 1 Corinthians 10:16, 1 Corinthians 11:23–26)

Full Scripture References​

“Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit…” — Matthew 28:19 (BSB)

“And He took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, ‘This is My body, given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.’ In the same way, after the supper He took the cup…” — Luke 22:19–20 (BSB)

“Do you not know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His death? We were therefore buried with Him through baptism into death…” — Romans 6:3–4 (BSB)

“Is not the cup of blessing that we bless a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ?” — 1 Corinthians 10:16 (BSB)

“For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you: that the Lord Jesus, on the night He was betrayed, took bread…” — 1 Corinthians 11:23 (BSB)

Expanded Explanation of Catechism Question

A sacrament is a divine gift of grace made visible. It is a holy mystery in which God uses created things—water, bread, wine—to convey spiritual realities and to strengthen the faith of believers. Sacraments do not merely symbolize grace; they convey it through the power of the Holy Spirit when received in faith. They are signs and seals of God’s covenant, instituted by Christ, given to the Church for the edification of the Body and the glorification of God.

In Anglican teaching, a sacrament is defined in Article XXV of the Thirty-Nine Articles as “an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, given unto us, ordained by Christ Himself, as a means whereby we receive the same, and a pledge to assure us thereof.” The Church recognizes two dominical sacraments—Baptism and the Lord’s Supper—because these were explicitly instituted by Christ and are commanded for all believers.

The sacraments are not magical but deeply spiritual. They require faith and repentance for their proper reception. Baptism is the sacrament of new birth and entrance into the Church. Holy Communion is the sacrament of ongoing nourishment and communion with Christ and one another.

Bishop J.C. Ryle wrote, “Sacraments are not Christ, but they are Christ’s ordinances. They are not the Savior, but His appointed channels. To despise them is to despise His wisdom and love” (Knots Untied, 1874).

Rev. Dr. Joel Scandrett (Trinity School for Ministry) teaches, “In the sacraments, God stoops to meet us. He gives grace through the Word made tangible—water that washes, bread that feeds, wine that gladdens, all pointing to Jesus Christ” (Anglican Catechism in Depth, 2020).

Canon Dr. John Yates III (Falls Church Anglican, ACNA) explains, “The sacraments anchor the Christian life in something real—God’s initiative, not our emotion. They confirm the promises of the Gospel to us again and again” (Catechesis Forum, 2021).

Archbishop Stephen Kaziimba (Church of Uganda) says, “The sacraments are God’s gifts to His people. In them, Christ comes near to us—not just to be remembered, but to be received with faith, joy, and reverence” (Pastoral Letter, 2022).

Rev. Dr. Stephen Gauthier (ACNA) notes, “A sacrament is not a sign pointing to something absent—it is a sign that carries the presence of Christ to His people. Through it, the Spirit applies the Gospel to our lives” (Anglican Perspective, 2020).

The sacraments are God’s appointed means to strengthen the weak, confirm the doubting, unite the Church, and proclaim the Gospel in visible form. They shape our identity, renew our hope, and deepen our communion with the risen Christ.

Early Church Fathers On Catechism Question

St. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 AD): “The sacraments are visible words—signs of grace, not empty, but filled with the presence of Christ and the working of the Spirit.” — Sermon 272

St. Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 313–386 AD): “Do not see merely the bread and wine. They are, according to the Lord’s declaration, His Body and Blood. Though your senses suggest otherwise, faith confirms the mystery.” — Catechetical Lectures, 22.6

St. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 130–202 AD): “Through the Eucharist, our bodies and souls are nourished, and we become what we receive—the Body of Christ, made alive by His Spirit.” — Against Heresies, IV.18.5

St. Justin Martyr (c. 100–165 AD): “This food is called Eucharist, and it is not ordinary bread or drink, but the flesh and blood of Jesus, made flesh for our salvation.” — First Apology, 66

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